John Eager Howard Elementary School Capitol Heights Md

Seat of the United States Congress

United States Capitol
West front
Show map of Central Washington, D.C. Show map of the District of Columbia Show map of the United States
General information
Architectural style	American neoclassic
Town or city	Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
Country	United States
Coordinates	38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889 Coordinates: 38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889
Construction started	September 18, 1793
Completed	1800 (first occupation) 1962 (last extension)
Client	Washington administration
Technical details
Floor count	5
Floor area	16.5 acres (67,000 m²)^[1]
Design and construction
Architect	William Thornton, designer (see Architect of the Capitol)
Website
www.capitol.gov www.aoc.gov/us-capitol-building

The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the meeting place of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the federal district, the Capitol forms the origin point for the district's street-numbering system and the district's four quadrants.

The original building was completed in 1800. It was partly destroyed in the 1814 burning of Washington, then was fully restored within five years. The building was later enlarged, with the addition of a massive dome, and extended wings with expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in the neoclassic style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries.

United States in Capitol and reflecting pool

History [edit]

Background [edit]

The east front of the United States Capitol (2013 view)

The east front at night (2013 view)

Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia (Independence Hall and Congress Hall), New York City (Federal Hall), and a number of other locations (York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; and Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey).^[2] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.

After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,^[3] and met in Annapolis, Maryland, and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.

The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,^[4] when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready.^[5]

Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city.^[6] L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the "Congress House", with a "grand avenue" (now Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting it with the President's House, and a public space containing a broader "grand avenue" (now the National Mall) stretching westward to the Potomac River (see: L'Enfant Plan).^[7] ^[8]

Name [edit]

In reviewing L'Enfant's plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the "Capitol" rather than "Congress House".^[7] The word "Capitol" comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.^[9] ^[10] The connection between the two is not clear.^[11] In addition to coming up with a city plan, L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President's House; however, he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners, and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol.^[12]

The word "capitol" has since been adopted, following the example of the United States Capitol, in many jurisdictions also for other government buildings, for instance the "capitols" in the individual capitals of the states of the United States. This, in turn, has led to frequent misspellings of "capitol" and "capital". The former refers to a building which houses government institutions; the latter refers to the entire city.^[13]

Design competition [edit]

Design for the U.S. Capitol, "An Elevation for a Capitol", by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest, but not selected.

The west front in the afternoon (2021)

In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the "President's House", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time.^[14] The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect.^[15] However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.^[16]

A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31, 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design.^[17] ^[18] Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol (and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent and Trademark Office).^[19] In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic.^[20] In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along with James Hoban (winning architect of the "President's Palace") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.^[21] ^[22] The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan.^[23]

The original design by Thornton was later modified by the British-American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe Sr., and then Charles Bulfinch.^[24] The current cast-iron dome and the House's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas Ustick Walter and August Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,^[25] and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.^[26]

Construction [edit]

L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.^[27] Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.^[21] On September 18, 1793, President George Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia, laid the cornerstone, which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley.^[28] ^[29]

Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the "President's House" (also later known as the "Executive Mansion"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.^[30] George Hadfield was hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far.^[31]

The Capitol from Pennsylvania Avenue as it stood before 1814 (drawn from memory by an unknown artist after the burning)

The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until the House of Representatives (south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams, in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as president.^[32]

Early religious use [edit]

For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the "hall" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the "Oven", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now called Statuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic:

It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and of James Madison (1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after the Civil War – were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist, Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson, Vice President Aaron Burr, and a "crowded audience".^[33]

War of 1812 [edit]

Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812.

George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda rising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper.

The House and Senate Wings [edit]

By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north.^[34]

The earliest known interior photograph of the Capitol, taken in 1860 and showing the new House of Representatives chamber

When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves "who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks".^[35] The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe; however, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts, and African Americans, some free and some enslaved, composed the majority of the work force.^[36]

Capitol dome [edit]

Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861, before the partially complete Capitol dome

The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol, and dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed by Charles Bulfinch which was no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the "wedding-cake style" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed by Thomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. Like Mansart's dome at "Les Invalides" (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome, through which is seen "The Apotheosis of Washington" painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The "Statue of Freedom", a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddesses Minerva or Athena.^[37] ^[38] The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).^[39] The dome's cast iron frame was supplied and constructed by the iron foundry Janes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.^[40]

Later expansion [edit]

The Washington Depot with the U.S. Capitol in the distance (1872 view)

When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico, built in 1828. The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904, following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings, who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings.

The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.^{[ citation needed ]} During this project, in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration.^[41] A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. (In 1962, a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall.) In the process, the original sandstone Corinthian columns were removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns, where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis, in Persia. Besides the columns, hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park.^[42] ^[43]

The United States Capitol, with scaffolding erected to facilitate restoration work on the dome (November 2014 view)

On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.^[44] The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects' "America's Favorite Architecture" list.^[45] The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.^[46] On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony.

On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.^[47] From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as a service tunnel.

A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.^[48] As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,^[41] but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014.^[49] Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014, enclosing and obscuring the dome.^[48] ^[50] All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016.^[51]

With the increased use of technologies such as the internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2001/2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network for Wi-Fi and mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated.^[52] ^[53]

Interior [edit]

Capitol Rotunda (2013 view)

The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example of neoclassical architecture.

Tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol.

Art [edit]

Carlo Franzoni's 1819 sculptural chariot clock, the Car of History, depicting Clio, the Greek muse of history. National Statuary Hall (2006 view).

The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning in 1856 with Italian/Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors,^[54] reflect great moments and people in United States history. Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin, John Fitch, Robert Fulton, and events such as the Cession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis, the Moon landing, and the Space Shuttle Challenger crew.

Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome, and also the Frieze of American History.^[55] The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring. The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers's flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi, Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, and Allyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History.

Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman, The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir, The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell, and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull: Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing.^[56]

The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall.

Crypt [edit]

On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington, with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his last will, Washington was buried at Mount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE, NW, SE, or SW).

Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block of marble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908, and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer Jr., and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library, in the same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.^[57] Borglum was a patriot; believing the "monuments we have built are not our own", he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement", according to a 1908 interview article.^{[ citation needed ]} Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate, that Robert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as "the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen".^[57] Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln's unfinished life.

Features [edit]

At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue.

Twelve presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing, most recently George H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln.

The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were a spa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and a massage parlor.

A steep, metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.^[58] The number of steps represents each day of the year.^[59] Also in the basement, the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers.^[60]

Height [edit]

Contrary to a popular myth, D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).^[61] Indeed, the Capitol is only the fourth-tallest structure in Washington.

House Chamber [edit]

US Senate chamber (circa 1873 view)

The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.^[62] The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events.

The Chamber is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history. The United States national motto "In God We Trust" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits.

In order clockwise around the chamber:

No.	Individual	Years	Country	Legal work
1	George Mason	1725–1792	United States	Virginia Declaration of Rights
2	Robert Joseph Pothier	1699–1772	France	Pandectae Justinianae in novum ordinem digestae
3	Jean-Baptiste Colbert	1619–1683	France
4	Edward I	1239–1307	England	Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285
5	Alfonso X	1221–1284	Castile	Fuero Real and Siete Partidas
6	Pope Gregory IX	c. 1145–1241	Papacy	Decratales
7	Louis IX	1214–1270	France
8	Justinian I	c. 482–565	Byzantine Empire	Corpus Juris Civilis
9	Tribonian	c. 485–542	Byzantine Empire	Codex Justinianus
10	Lycurgus	fl. c. 820 BC	Sparta
11	Hammurabi	c. 1810 – 1750 BC	Babylonian Empire	Code of Hammurabi
12	Moses	c. 1570 – 1450 BC	Tribes of Israel	Law of Moses
13	Solon	c. 638 – c. 558 BC	Athens	Solonian Constitution
14	Papinian	142–212	Rome
15	Gaius	fl. 130–180	Rome	Institutes
16	Maimonides	1135/38–1204	Almoravid Empire	Mishneh Torah
17	Suleiman the Magnificent	1494–1566	Ottoman Empire	Kanune Raya
18	Pope Innocent III	1160/61–1216	Papacy
19	Simon de Montfort	c. 1208–1265	England	Simon de Montfort's Parliament
20	Hugo Grotius	1583–1645	Dutch Republic	Mare Liberum, De jure belli ac pacis and others
21	William Blackstone	1723–1780	Great Britain	Commentaries on the Laws of England
22	Napoleon	1769–1821	France	Napoleonic Code
23	Thomas Jefferson	1743–1826	United States	United States Declaration of Independence and Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber, as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster: "Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered."^[63]

Senate Chamber [edit]

The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859^[64] and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate (Vice Presidents).^[65]

Old Chambers [edit]

Statuary Hall (Old Hall of the House) [edit]

The National Statuary Hall is a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall.

Old Senate Chamber [edit]

The Old Senate Chamber is a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935.

Old Supreme Court Chamber [edit]

This room was originally the lower half of the Old Senate Chamber from 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructed United States Supreme Court Building across the street.

Floor plans [edit]

Basement, Terrace, and Courtyard Floor

First (Ground) Floor

Second (Primary) Floor

Third (Gallery) Floor

Fourth (Attic) Floor

Layout and room numbers as of 1997

Exterior [edit]

Grounds [edit]

Magnolias bloom on the Capitol Grounds in March 2020

The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km²), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north, west, and south sides of the building that exist today.

Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Three arches open into the hexagonal structure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificial grotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation.^[66]

Flags [edit]

Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.^{[ citation needed ]} Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member.

Major events [edit]

Exterior of the Capitol prior to the 2015 visit by Pope Francis

The Capitol, as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill, have played host to major events, including presidential inaugurations held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations, and the National Memorial Day Concert.

The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson, the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks, an icon of the civil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda.^[67]

On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so.^[68]

Security [edit]

The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of United Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked on September 11, 2001. The plane crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers.^[69] ^[70]

Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,^[71] ^[72] and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.^[72] The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues, barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent "emergency" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways.^[73]

After the 2021 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, and National Guard troops were deployed to bolster security.

List of security incidents [edit]

On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. As President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring.^[74] Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.
On April 23, 1844, then House-Speaker John White was involved in a physical confrontation on the House floor with Democratic Congressman George O. Rathbun of New York. White was delivering a speech in defense of Senator Henry Clay, the Whig nominee for President in that year's presidential election, and objected to a ruling from the Speaker denying him time to conclude his remarks. When Rathbun told White to be quiet, White confronted him and their disagreement lead to a fistfight between the two with dozens of their colleagues rushing to break up the fight. During the disturbance, an unknown visitor fired a pistol into the crowd, wounding a police officer. Both White and Rathbun subsequently apologized for their actions. ^[75]
On July 2, 1915, prior to the United States' entry into World War I, Eric Muenter (aka Frank Holt), a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I, exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate. The next morning he tried to assassinate J. P. Morgan Jr., son of the financier, at his home on Long Island, New York. J.P. Morgan's company served as Great Britain's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies. In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion, Muenter, writing under an assumed name, said he hoped that the detonation would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war."
In the 1954 United States Capitol shooting, Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors' gallery, injuring five representatives.
On March 1, 1971, a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol, placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group the Weather Underground. They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos.
In the 1983 United States Senate bombing, a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd.^[76] Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing.^[77]
In 1990, three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing, which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada.^[78]
In the 1998 United States Capitol shooting, Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire, killing two Capitol Police officers, Officer Jacob Chestnut and Det. John Gibson.
In 2004, the Capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then-governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace above the district.
In 2013, Miriam Carey, 34, a dental hygienist from Stamford, Connecticut, attempted to drive through a White House security checkpoint in her black Infiniti G37 coupe, struck a U.S. Secret Service officer, and was chased by the Secret Service to the United States Capitol where she was fatally shot by law enforcement officers.
A shooting incident occurred in March 2016. One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested, in critical but stable condition.^[79] The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as "isolated".^[80]
In the 2021 United States Capitol attack, during the counting of electoral college votes for the 2020 United States presidential election, a pro-Trump rally resulted in a mob that violently stormed the Capitol.^[81] The rioters unlawfully entered the Capitol during the joint session of Congress certifying the election of President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, temporarily disrupting the proceedings. This triggered a lockdown in the building.^[82] Vice President Mike Pence, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and other staff members were evacuated, while others were instructed to barricade themselves inside offices and closets.^[83] The rioters breached the Senate Chamber and multiple staff offices, including the office of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.^[84] ^[85] One person was shot by law enforcement, and later succumbed to the injury.^[86] President-elect Joe Biden criticized the violence as "insurrection" and said democracy was "under unprecedented assault" as a result of the attack.^[87] The attack resulted in the death of four rioters, including a woman who was shot as she attempted to breach the Capitol.^[88] The events ultimately led to the second impeachment of Donald Trump.^[89] It was the first time the Capitol had been violently seized since 1814, when it was taken by the British in the War of 1812.^[90]
In the April 2021 United States Capitol car attack, an attacker rammed a car into barriers outside the Capitol, hitting several Capitol Police Officers before exiting his vehicle and attempting to attack others with a knife. An officer hit by the attacker's car died shortly thereafter. The attacker was shot by Capitol Police and later died of his injuries.^[91]

Capitol Visitor Center [edit]

The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion space^{[ clarification needed ]} for the US Congress.^[92] ^[93] The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m²) of space below ground on three floors,^[94] and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.^[95] It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $621 million.^[96]

Gallery [edit]

The Capitol on a 1922 US postage stamp
The Capitol at night in 2006

Citations [edit]

^ "The United States Capitol: An Overview of the Building and Its Function". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ See List of capitals in the United States
^ Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb; John Wooldridge (1892). Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 66.
^ Allen (2001), p. 4
^ Allen (2001), p. 4–7
^ L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General. – The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" on its website.
^ ^a ^b Kornwolf, James D; Kornwolf, Georgiana Wallis (2002). The Creation of the Federal City: Washington. Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America: Vol. 3. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1552. ISBN0801859867. OCLC 45066419. Retrieved October 29, 2016. A final legacy of Jefferson's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant. Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress, the "Capitol," whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as "Congress House." At Google Books.
^ (1) L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)". Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. (1887). Library of Congress. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
(2) "Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
(3) Vlach, John Michael (Spring 2004). "The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill". Capitol History: The Capitol Dome. United States Capitol Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
(4) Allen (2001), p. 8
^ Harper, Douglas. "Capitol". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Allen (2001), p. 10
^ Hodgkins, George W. (1960). "Naming the Capitol and the Capital". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 60/62: 36–53. JSTOR 40067217.
^ Allen (2001), p. 11
^ "Capitol". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved September 15, 2021. and "Capital". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Allen (2001), p. 13–15
^ Frary (1969), p. 28
^ Allen (2001), p. 18
^ Allen (2001), p. 19
^ "William Thornton (1759–1828)". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
^ Frary (1969), p. 33
^ Frary (1969), p. 34–35
^ ^a ^b Allen (2001), p. 23
^ Jefferson, Thomas (July 17, 1793). "Letter: Jefferson to Washington". Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
^ Frary (1969), p. 36
^ "United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.: East Front Elevation, Rendering". World Digital Library. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
^ Woods, Robert O. (June 2003). "Under the Capitol Dome". Mechanical Engineering Magazine. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
^ "A Brief Construction History of the Capitol". Architect of the Capitol.
^ Morgan, J.D. (1899). "Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 120.
^ Hazelton (1907), p. 84
^ Allen, William C. (1995). In the Greatest Solemn Dignity: The Capitol's Four Cornerstones. Government Printing Office. p. 7.
^ Frary (1969), p. 37–39
^ Frary (1969), p. 44–45
^ Carter II, Edward C. (1971–1972). "Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington, 1798–1818". Records of the Columbia Historical Society: 139.
^ "Religion and the Founding of the American Republic". U.S. Library of Congress. July 23, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
^ "The History of the United States Capitol". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ "Capitol slave labor studied". The Washington Times. Associated Press. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on June 4, 2005.
^ "Timeline". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
^ "Picturing US History - Thomas Crawford, Statue of Freedom, 1855-63".
^ "The Statue of Freedom | Architect of the Capitol".
^ "Capitol Dome". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Terrell, Ellen (May 20, 2015). "The Capitol Dome: Janes, Fowler, & Kirtland Co. | Inside Adams: Science, Technology & Business". blogs.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 24, 2012). "Dome Is Imperiled by 1,300 Cracks and Partisan Rift". The New York Times . Retrieved October 4, 2012.
^ Jule Banville, "Stone-Cold Whodunit" Archived January 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (April 24, 2009), Washington City Paper
^ "Stones from US Capitol in Rock Creek Park" Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (July 25, 2011), Rock Creek Runner
^ "District of Columbia – Inventory of Historic Sites" (PDF). District of Columbia: Office of Planning. Government of the District of Columbia. September 1, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ "America's Favorite Architecture". Harris Interactive. American Institute of Architects. 2007. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ "World Architecture Images- U.S. Capitol". American-architecture.info. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "Capitol Visitors Center FAQ". Architect Of the Capitol. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Capitol Dome Restoration Project Overview". Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 12, 2014.
^ "Capitol's historic dome set for 2-year renovation". Winston-Salem Journal. Associated Press. December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ Architect of the Capitol (December 15, 2016). In Celebration of the U.S. Capitol Dome. YouTube. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
^ "Dome Restoration Project Updates". Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved October 19, 2016.
^ Bresnahan, John (February 26, 2007). "House Ends Cell Phone Licensing Deal". Politico . Retrieved January 11, 2019.
^ Kucinich, Jackie (October 26, 2005). "Hastert rebuffs Pelosi on investigation request". The Hill . Retrieved January 11, 2019.
^ "AOC.gov". AOC.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "Frieze of American History". Aoc.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "U.S. Senate: Art & History Home, First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of Presid". Senate.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Abraham Lincoln Bust". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ "365 Steps to the Top of Capitol Hill". The New York Times. August 10, 1997. Section 1, Page 22. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ Logan, Mrs. John A. (Mary Simmerson) (1901). Thirty Years in Washington; or, Life and Scenes in Our National Capital. Hartford, Connecticut: A. D. Worthington & Co. p. 78. OCLC 29540458. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ Bowman, Bridget (July 21, 2014). "Muslim on Capitol Hill: Staffers Look to Rebuild". Roll Call . Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ Matthew Gilmore. "H-DC Discussion Network". H-net.org. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "The House Chamber". Retrieved September 12, 2009.
^ Carrier, Thomas J. (2000). The White House, the Capitol, and the Supreme Court: historic self-guided tours. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 84. ISBN0-7385-0557-9. OCLC 44503337. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ "The Senate Chamber 1859–2009". Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ "The Senate Chamber: Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection". United States Senate. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
^ "Summerhouse". Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ "Billy Graham Will Be the Fourth Private Citizen Ever to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol". Time . Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ "Apostolic Journey – United States of America: Visit to the Congress of the United States of America (Washington D.C., 24 September 2015) | Francis". w2.vatican.va . Retrieved March 19, 2016.
^ "Al-Jazeera offers accounts of 9/11 planning". Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
^ Report of the 9/11 Commission Archived December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, US Govt Printing Office
^ "Increased Security on Capitol Grounds" (Press release). United States Capitol Police. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on November 1, 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Lyndsey Layton and Manny Fernandez (August 3, 2004). "Street Closing Irks D.C. Leaders: Checkpoints Set Up Near World Bank, IMF and Capitol". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26, 2006.
^ Post Store (January 29, 2006). "WashingtonPost.com". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ Jon Grinspan. "Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson". Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
^ Long, Kim. "The Almanac of Political Corruption, Scandals & Dirty Politics, (2008). ISBN 0307481344.
^ Kessler, Ronald (November 9, 1983). "Capitol Bombing: Group Hit Other Targets, FBI Believes". The Washington Post.
^ Seppy, Tom (February 12, 1985). "Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe". Associated Press.
^ Rowley, James (September 7, 1990). "Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol". Associated Press.
^ Michael S. Schmidt (March 28, 2016). "U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots". The New York Times . Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "US Capitol shooting: Gunman wounds Capitol police officer". BBC News Online. March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ Dozier, Kimberly; Bergengruen, Vera (January 7, 2021). "Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Storm the Capitol". TIME. Retrieved January 8, 2021. 'If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore,' Trump had told the crowd, urging them to head to the Capitol.
^ Amanda Macias (January 6, 2021). "Rioters storm Capitol after Trump urges action, halting declaration of Biden victory". cnbc.com. CNBC. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Khalil, Ashraf; Balsamo, Michael; Press, Associated (January 6, 2021). "1 reportedly shot as angry pro-Trump protesters swarm Capitol, lawmakers put on gas masks | WATCH LIVE". ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Swaine, Jon. "Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death". Retrieved January 8, 2021 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
^ "Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ "1 shot dead, Congress evacuated, National Guard activated after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". www.nbcnews.com . Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ "Capitol riots: Congress certifies Joe Biden's victory after chaotic scenes". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ "Authorities Identify Woman Killed By Police During U.S. Capitol Rioting". NPR.org . Retrieved January 22, 2021.
^ Baker, Tim. "Donald Trump impeached for historic second time over deadly riots at US Capitol". Sky News. Sky UK. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^ "Analysis: Why it's too late for Republicans to say sorry". CNN . Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ Cohen, Zachary; Fox, Lauren; Dean, Jessica; Shortell, David (April 2, 2021). "Capitol Police officer killed, another injured after suspect rams car into police barrier outside building". CNN . Retrieved April 2, 2021.
^ "Architecture – U.S. Capitol Visitor Center". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ Philip Kopper "A Capitol Attraction", American Heritage, Spring 2009.
^ "Capitol Visitor Center: Project Information". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
^ "Congress' Newest Member: The US Capitol Visitor Center". Washingtonian magazine. November 8, 2008.
^ "Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet" (PDF). Architect of the Capitol. Spring 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008.

References [edit]

Allen, William C. (2001). History of the United States Capitol – A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Government Printing Office. ISBN0160508304. OCLC 46420177. Archived from the original on April 23, 2002. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
Brown, Glenn (1998). Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission (ed.). History of the United States Capitol (Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed.). Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
Frary, Ihna Thayer (1969). They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing. ISBN0-8369-5089-5.
Guy Gugliotta (2012). Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-8090-4681-2.
Hazelton, George Cochrane (1907). The National Capitol. J. F. Taylor & Co.
Fryd, Vivien Green (1987). Two Sculptures for the Capitol: Horatio Greenough's "Rescue" and Luigi Persico's "Discovery of America." In American Art Journal (Vol. 19, pp. 16–39).

External links [edit]

Records
Preceded by Unknown	Tallest Building in Washington, D.C. 1863–1899 88 meters	Succeeded by Old Post Office Building (Washington, D.C.)
Preceded by Tenth Presbyterian Church	Tallest building in the United States outside of New York City 1863–1888 88 meters	Succeeded by Illinois State Capitol

John Eager Howard Elementary School Capitol Heights Md

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol